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عمران::
جریان بیشینه
� Time of travel methods - maps or tables which show indicative estimates for the time delay between flood peaks in different parts of a catchment, and possibly the delays between rainfall and peak flows, based on historical observations or hydrological modelling studies
� Spot flow gaugings - taking measurements using current meter, ADCP or other equipment to help with assessing peak flows and assist with future
� Flood extent - surveys of trash marks and debris left at the peak of the flood, and of any flood markers placed by staff and others, in some cases supported by hydraulic modelling (see Chap. 3) to estimate the peak flows at key locations
The resulting estimates are sometimes then used as inputs to rainfall-runoff and hydraulic models to assess the runoff dynamics and estimate the peak flows reached at sites without suitable instrumentation (e.g. ungauged locations).
The total catchment discharge is then estimated by combining these values using an appropriate routing time delay, with a focus on estimating peak flows rather than the full flow hydro- graph.
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